CANINE FLU
Overview / Frequently Asked Questions

Overview
Over the past several weeks, there has been a growing public concern for the outbreak of a new respiratory infection that is affecting dogs. Fear peaked this month when over 100 cases of the disease were reported in Chestnut Ridge, New York. Fifteen of the dogs were treated at Oradell Animal Hospital in Paramus, New Jersey. Of those, there was one fatality. The infectious agent is an influenza virus, related to the virus that infects horses, but unrelated to the viruses that infect birds or humans. Though current research shows that it may be a mutation of the equine virus, there is no indication that it can infect other animal species or people.

The virus was first detected in racing greyhounds in Florida last year. Dr. Cynda Crawford, a veterinarian and immunologist at the University of Florida isolated the virus, and the College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University has developed a blood test for detecting the virus in dogs that present with symptoms. Cases have been noted at greyhound tracks in several states, but the New York occurrence is apparently the first specifically documented and diagnosed in the general pet population. Work is currently being done on providing a vaccine, but none is available at this time.

Like most respiratory infections, the means of transmission is through the air -- coughing and sneezing -- making it very contagious. Because it is a new pathogen, most dogs do not have an effective immune response to it, and are likely to become infected if exposed. The chance of infection increases in environments that have dense populations, such as kennels, boarding facilities and pet stores. However, though the level of infection upon exposure is high -- perhaps 100%, with 80% showing some clinical signs -- there is no indication that there is a correspondingly high mortality rate. In fact, the current fatality rate ranges from 1% to 5%, and these numbers are based on very small sample numbers to date.

It should be noted that all dogs, regardless of age or vaccination status, are susceptible. However, as with people, the young, the geriatric and those with pre-existing health issues are even more susceptible. The signs of the virus mimic other respiratory infections that dogs can get such as Kennel Cough or Para influenza. After exposure, incubation is short -- 2 to 5 days. The dog will present with a persistent cough, which can be either moist or dry. Other signs may include lethargy and loss of appetite. In severe cases, there will be a purulent nasal discharge, a high fever (104-106) and severe respiratory distress. These severe signs usually occur after some time, when the infection has developed into pneumonia. Treatment is currently based upon the severity of signs at presentation: possible testing, antibiotics to prevent or control secondary bacterial infections, antitussives, fluid therapy, nebulization, and in severe instances hospitalization and oxygen support. According to some sources it can take up to 3 weeks for recovery.

Unfortunately there has been a great deal of frenzy and misinformation generated by this discovery. To date, one can get over 27,000 hits on the Internet for canine influenza. However one should keep in mind that new viral and bacterial agents are discovered regularly and one needs to maintain perspective. It is important to realize that observation and prevention are oftentimes the best action. Dog owners should make sure that their pets are current on all needed vaccinations. They should minimize close contact with other dogs that have unknown vaccine status or may have been exposed to infectious agents such as the flu. If their dog begins to show any abnormal signs such as sneezing, coughing, lethargy, lack of appetite or fever, they should contact their family veterinarian immediately to schedule an exam, and possible testing for the flu.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is it?
An influenza virus -- current research suggests it is related to an equine virus. There is no indication that it can infect humans. While it is possible to test for the virus, there is no vaccine available at this time

How is it transmitted?
The virus is transmitted through the air when an infected animal coughs or sneezes

Who is at risk?
Any dog exposed to the virus. Young dogs, old dogs and dogs whose immune systems are already compromised by pre-existing health issues are most susceptible. Dogs in dense population environments such as kennels, boarding facilities and pet stores. It is important to remember that while the infection rate, if exposed, is high, a great majority of animals have recovered fully with hospitalization and supportive care

What can dog owners do?
Observation and prevention :

- Make sure your dog is up to date on all vaccinations and had a check up within the last year -- six months for older dogs

- Minimize your dog's contact with dogs of unknown health and/or vaccine status, or who may have been exposed to the virus

- Watch for signs of: Sneezing or coughing, Lethargy, Lack of appetite, Fever

Call your veterinarian if you have any concerns. If your dog exhibits any of the above symptoms, an exam may be warranted.